Multistate Markov chain modeling for child undernutrition transitions in Ethiopia: a longitudinal data analysis, 2002–2016

Table 10 Transition intensity analysis of childhood undernutrition risk factors in Ethiopia

Variables	Category	From time (t)	To time (t + 1)
			Normal		Undernourished
			Hazard Ratio	95% CI	Hazard Ratio	95% CI
Sex of child	Male	Normal			1.75	1.53, 1.67
	Male	Undernutrition	1.63	1.57, 1.69
	Female^a	Normal			1.00
	Female^a	Undernutrition	1.00
Residence	Urban	Normal			1.42	1.40, 1.44
	Urban	Undernutrition	0.42	0.40, 0.44
	Rural^a	Normal			1.00
	Rural^a	Undernutrition	1.00
Father's level of education	Illiterate	Normal			1.50	1.38, 1.62
	Illiterate	Undernutrition	1.34	0.59, 2.91
	Literate^a	Normal			1.00
	Literate^a	Undernutrition	1.00
Mother's level of education	Illiterate	Normal			1.45	1.02, 3.29
	Illiterate	Undernutrition	1.81	1.01, 3.24
	Literate^a	Normal			1.00
	Literate^a	Undernutrition	1.00
Access to safe drinking water	Yes^a	Normal			1.00
	Yes^a	Undernutrition	1.00
	No	Normal			1.70	1.26, 2.14
	No	Undernutrition	0.35	0.33, 0.37
Access to cooking fuel	Yes	Normal			1.95	1.75, 2.17
	Yes	Undernutrition	0.64	0.50, 0.84
	No^a	Normal			1.00
	No^a	Undernutrition	1.00

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